13 July 2021
Download(1.108 MB)However, evidence on the latter is surprisingly sparse. In this paper we explore the long-term, causal impacts of the creative industries on surrounding urban economies. Adapting Moretti’s local multipliers framework, we build a new 20-year panel of UK cities, using fixed effects and a historic instrument to identify effects on non-creative firms and employment.
We find that each creative job generate at least 1.9 non-tradable jobs between 1998 and 2018: this is associated with creative business services employees’ local spending, rather than visitors to urban amenities such as galleries and museums. We do not find the same effects for workplaces, and find no causal evidence for spillovers from creative activity to other tradable sectors, findings consistent with descriptive evidence on the increasing concentration of creative industries in a small number of cities. Given the small numbers of creative jobs in most cities, however, the overall effect size of the creative multiplier is small, and shapes only a small part of non-tradable urban employment change. Overall, our results suggest creative economy-led policies for cities can have positive – albeit partial – local economic impacts.
This report is being published as part of the PEC’s campaign Creative Places, which is calling for the government to target funding to creative microclusters around the UK.
Please reference this paper as:
Gutierrez Posada, D., Kitsos, T., Nathan, M. and Massimiliano, N. (2021) Do creative industries generate multiplier effects? Evidence from UK cities 1997 - 2018. Multiple: Creative Industries Policy and Evidence Centre; City-REDI, the University of Birmingham; University College London. Available from: https://www.pec.ac.uk/discussion-papers/do-creative-industries-generate-multiplier-effects
Photo of Aberystwyth in Wales by Wilhelm Gunkel